Hi, this seems to work fine on mine, even without explicitly mounting the device dir (kinda surprised there).
thijs@tjvv-pi3:~/balena $ docker run --rm -it balenalib/raspberrypi3-debian-python:latest /bin/bash
root@5b6d6eaa5e8f:/# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 059f:106f LaCie, Ltd P9233
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Microchip Technology, Inc. (formerly SMSC) SMSC9512/9514 Fast Ethernet Adapter
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9514 Microchip Technology, Inc. (formerly SMSC) SMC9514 Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Can you see your devices normally when you run the command in your host OS?
Something you can try, is to run your container with the following flags: --privileged -e UDEV=on.