I thought I would provide an update on this, having spent some time experimenting. The issue remains regardless if I use balena push or git push and occurs both when pushing from my computer and when running in CircleCI.
I would like to share a previous post in which I identified the same issue. At the time I did not attempt to use balena push to resolve the problem. If it is helpful for debugging I can provide the output from DEBUG=1 balena push.
I think a contributing factor to experiencing the no such image error is the complexity of the Dockerfile. Although it can sometimes fail on even the most simple Dockerfile.
Please keep me updated on the status of investigation, I will be happy to provide more information where required.